Organizational Design of Adidas - 1985 Words

Organizational Design of Adidas In this chapter, we have reviewed the Organizational Structure and Culture of Adidas. Though Adidas-Salomon is a company, which is in the business of manufacturing and marketing a wide range of products, the emphasis of our study is on the footwear business (core business) of Adidas. A Review on the Organizational Structure of Adidas The Head Quarter of Adidas-Salomon is situated in a small town named Herzogenaurach in Germany. This head office only manages the support function of Adidas such RD, marketing sales etc. and that too of the European, African and Asian regions only. The American region is monitored by Adidas America, which is an autonomous division and has been made to increase the market†¦show more content†¦Adidas also has offices all over the world which work as sales centers of its product in their respective countries. Adidas soon wants to finish manufacturing all sorts of products. It wants its products to be manufactured by subcontractors. It only wants to take care of the marketing of its brand and products. In the past, Adidas had been following the traditional â€Å"footwear and apparel† structure which was being followed by most of the sports equipment companies. To cope with uncertain and competitive environment, most of the footwear and apparel companies shifted to flexible structures to deal with the environmental uncertainties. For example, Nike and Reebok shifted to a â€Å"Network Structure†. A network organization is a collection of independent, mostly single-function firms. The dynamic network structure describes not one organization but the web of interrelationship between many firms. The network as whole can display the technical specialization of the functional structure, the market responsiveness of the product structure and the balance and flexibility of a matrix. [pic] In 2000, Adidas announced revolutionary new three divisional structure. 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An Online Class Study Health Care Administration - 1017 Words

Attending an online class studying health care administration has been informative for my career success. Within this class, I’ve learned the importance of specific formatting styles and academic integrity. I’ve recognized my strengths and weaknesses within master’s program in order to become proficient in my future. In addition, foundations of health care administration class have increased my knowledge about the skills, knowledge and professionalism that this management position should maintain. Gaining the knowledge within this class will build the foundation for success within my scholarly and professional career. Health Care Administration During the term of this class I’ve learned several topics that will advance my career in health care administration. A health administrator is a person that manages the delivery and service of health care. This position handles finance, admission, organizational functions, and employee personnel. 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Sample Report free essay sample

Look at the assignment instructions below Now read the sample report. Read the accompanying comments on the side as you go. iii) Is this is a well-written report in your view? Could it be improved in any way do you think? ASSIGNMENT 2: The Stylish Report Background Colin Coif and Pamela Perm are the owners and operators of a hairdressing business Stylish specialising in ‘high end’ quality hairdressing services. Currently they operate two salons in inner Melbourne, one in Carlton and the other in South Melbourne. As a way of expanding their business, the owners are considering opening a new salon in the Prahran area. Your task Prepare a business report for the owners investigating: i) ii) the overall viability of establishing a salon in the Prahran area; and key management and marketing issues that need to be considered in ensuring the success and profitability of any proposed new outlet. Your report should include analysis of both the Mega and Task environments (see Bartol et al. 2008). You will also need to undertake additional research using a variety of sources (eg. airdressing industry reports, relevant government regulations and local census data, the Yellow Pages etc. ). The report should be approximately 2,500 words in length, excluding the Executive Summary and List of references.  ©Language and Learning Lab, FHEL, Swinburne ASSIGNMENT 2 THE STYLISH REPORT Executive Summary Stylish is a hairdressing business that currently owns and operates two hairdressing salons in inner Melbourne. The study investigated whether the opening of an additional salon in the Prahran area is a viable option for the business. The study consisted of an analysis of both the Mega and Task environments, and was based on information collected from a variety of sources: industry research reports, local government reports, and census data. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that in the present environment the company would benefit from an expansion of its outlets. A number of recommendations are made concerning the establishing of the new proposed operation including, the need to focus on high quality as opposed to low costs services, and to target the younger, male customer base. In reports you need to clearly indicate how the different sections relate to each other through the use of numbering. Hint: It is best to limit your NUMBERING to three levels – beyond this, it can be difficult for the reader to grasp the structure. i. e. DON’T use 2. 1. 1. 1 i 1. Introduction Stylish is a hairdressing business that currently owns and operates two hairdressing salons in inner Melbourne: Carlton and South Melbourne. The owners of the business (hereon the client) are interested in expanding their operations, and have identified the Prahran area as a possible location for the establishing of a third salon. The purpose of this report is to provide preliminary information to the client about: i) the overall viability of establishing a salon in the Prahran area; and ii) key management and marketing issues that need to be considered in ensuring the success and profitability of any proposed new outlet. Note that the study considers the viability of the business in broad management and marketing terms only; it does not provide a comprehensive financial analysis of the proposed expansion. In the investigation of these issues, two analytical concepts were used, namely Mega Environment and Task Environment. The Mega Environment is concerned with the external environment in which a business operates; the Task Environment considers conditions that a business faces in its immediate environment (Bartol, Tein, Mathews, Sharma Scott-Ladd 2008). Data for the study came from a range of sources related to both these environments including: industry research reports, local government reports, and census data. The report is divided into two main sections: a Findings section, which presents information about both environments as they relate to Stylish; and a Recommendations section which provides specific suggestions for the running of the proposed business. Comment [T5]: The INTRODUCTION provides more detailed information about the first elements of the EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, namely: *BACKGROUND, *PURPOSE and *METHOD Additional elements that are often included in a report introduction are: * SCOPE (what is and isn’t covered in the report), *STRUCTURE (how the report is organised). Note that the INTRODUCTION does NOT include any discussion of FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS or RECOMMENDATIONS). Comment [T6]: PURPOSE Comment [T7]: SCOPE Comment [T8]: METHOD Comment [T9]: STRUCTURE 2. Findings The viability of establishing a new salon was considered in relation to two broad areas the mega environment and the task environment (Bartol et al. 2008). Each of these areas is discussed below. 2. 1 Mega Environment The mega environment refers to the larger external environment in which an organisation operates, that is to say, broad societal conditions and trends. Significantly, the elements of the mega environment are ones that an organisation has little or no influence over. The mega environment can be divided into five main components: i) economic; ii) legal/political; iii) technological; iv) socio-cultural/demographic; and v) international/global (Bartol et al. 2008). The relevance of each of these areas is discussed in relation to Stylish. Comment [T10]: This section describes part of the ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK used in the study – â€Å"the Mega Environment†. Central to all reports is the ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK. This is the key idea or concept that you use to analyse the findings of your study. Usually the ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK will come from the textbook or notes you are using in the unit of study. Hint: It is important to highlight the ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK in any report, and to show clearly that you understand its importance in your study. name and student number Page 2 2. 1. 1 Economic element The economic element refers to â€Å"systems of producing, distributing and consuming wealth† (Bartol et al. 008, p. 72. ). In considering the economic factors relating to the proposed business, it is not possible to overlook the impact of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), and its continuing aftermath. While Australia has so far resisted falling into recession, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) records that household incomes were significantly lower in 2009/10 than they were over 2007/08. In such an environment, consumers have remai ned highly cautious in their spending (Kusher 2011). IBIS World Report (2011, p. ) states that: â€Å"movements in real household disposable income do affect the hairdressing and beauty industry†, although as a ‘necessity of life’ service, hairdressing is less generally affected than other consumer areas. It is noted that while recent conditions in the industry have been poor, the outlook over the period 2012 – 2015 is expected to be more positive with a projected average annual rate of growth of 3. 6%, as indicated in Table 1 (IBIS 2011). These economic factors suggest that investment in the hairdressing industry, at least in the foreseeable future, is likely to be worthwhile. Table 1: Revenue Outlook in the Hairdressing Industry (IBIS 2011) Comment [T11]: In presenting aspects of the ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK for the report, it is often necessary to define terms (eg. ‘the economic element’). Often direct quotes are used in such definitions, so as to be really precise about what it is that’s being discussed. Note that when you use a DIRECT QUOTE, you need to give the page number of the reference. Comment [T12]: It is often useful to use TABLES and FIGURES in reports. When you do use these, you need to refer to the TABLE in your text (eg. â€Å"as indicated in Table 1†). Comment [T13]: When using TABLES, you need always to give these a number (e. g. Table 1) and a title (e. g. Revenue Outlook in Hairdressing Industry) along with where you sourced the information (e. g. IBIS 2011). INDUSTRY OUTLOOK Revenue AUD Million Growth % 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 3, 292. 0 3, 180. 0 3, 291. 0 3, 430. 0 3, 556. 0 3, 670. 0 -2. 2 -3. 4 3. 5 4. 2 3. 7 3. 3 name and student number Page 3 2. 1. 2 Legal/Political element The legal/political element refers to the â€Å"legal and governmental systems within which an organisation must function† (Bartol et al. 008, p 72). The two major legal areas that need to be complied with in the hairdressing and beauty industry are occupational health and safety OHS), employment law. Occupational health and safety laws exist to ensure a hairdressing salon is safe for both employees and the public. Various employment laws prescribe minimum wages and training requirements for businesses in the industry. The client will alrea dy be compliant with these two areas, and so it is not expected that they would impose any additional burdens in the establishing of a new outlet. It is noted that the imminent introduction of the Federal Government’s Carbon Tax could result in additional costs e. g. higher electricity bills, as a result of energy companies passing on the costs of the carbon price (Clean energy future: helping small business 2011). In any proposed new outlet, the client can offset any potential additional energy costs through the use of energy-saving appliances and amenities. 2. 1. 3 Technological element The technology element refers to â€Å"the current state of knowledge regarding production of products services (Bartol et al. 2008). According to IBIS; â€Å"technology in the hairdressing industry has not changed dramatically in recent times† (IBIS 2011 p. 24). The more significant technological developments have occurred in the beauty components of the industry (eg. laser treatments), though it is noted that these often require substantial economic investment, and may not be affordable for smaller scale operations (Service Skills Australia 2011). One area that is worth investing in is not technology concerned with the actual delivery of hairdressing and beauty services, but with ancillary technologies that support customer queries and bookings. Customers typically expect products and services to be delivered in a shorter time frame, and so salons need to invest in up-to-date IT facilities that will enable them to provide appropriate levels of customer service (Service Skills Australia 2011). Another important technology in the industry is social media (Facebook and Twitter) and its potential as a marketing tool. As Baltzan and Phillips (2010 p. 513) explain: â€Å"social networks help forge community with, and among, would-be customers†. 2. 1. Socio-cultural/demographic element The sociocultural/demographic element refers to the â€Å"attitudes, values, norms, beliefs, behaviours and associated demographic trends characteristic of a given geographic area† (Bartol et al. 2008, p. 73). Victoria is currently experiencing high population growth, lead only by NSW. It is interesting to note that while population growth is high in the state, the rate of growth in the hair and beauty industry in Victoria is relatively low (see Table 2). These data also point to relatively low volatility in the industry, suggesting that investment in the industry in Victoria is generally a sound proposition. ame and student number Page 4 Comment [T14]: Notice how this subsection begins in the same way as the previous sub-section i. e. with a definition. You will see that all of the subsequent sections begin in the same way. Report writing often relies on predictable, repetitive structures. Comment [T15]: This is another in-text reference to a TABLE Table 2 Growth rate and volatility in hairdressing and beauty State/Territory Queensland Western Australia New South Wales South Australia ACT Victoria Tasmania Northern Territory Average annual growth rate (2003-2007) 5. % 5. 1% 3. 8% 3. 0% 2. 2% 1. 9% 1. 9% -2. 4% Volatility (2006) 42. 5% 40. 3% 38. 0% 34. 5% 48. 7% 37. 7% 31. 6% 61. 9% More specifically in the Prahran area (the location of the proposed new outlet), the notable demographic trend is the relatively low average age of the p opulace, with the most populous group being in the 25-29 year segment (Population and household forecast: Prahran 2011). Population forecasts suggest that the area’s youthful character will continue into the future with the same segment expected to dominate in 2021. Other significant demographic features are the ethnic diversity of the populace, along with its relative affluence (Community profile: Prahran 2011). A significant trend in this younger inner urban demographic is the increasing interest shown by young men in grooming and appearance, sometimes associated with the so-called ‘metrosexual’ lifestyle (IBIS World Report 2011, p. 9). Such a trend has seen the decline of demand for traditional barbershop services, and dominance in inner urban areas of the unisex salon. While the hairdressing and beauty market continues to be dominated by the female customer base, major opportunities exist to expand product and service offerings for males. 2. 1. 5 International/global element The international/global element refers to â€Å"developments in countries outside of an organization’s home country with potential to influence the organization (Bartol et al. 2008, p. 32). The hairdressing industry in Australia is almost an entirely domestically-based industry, currently having virtually no import or export profile (IBIS 2010). The international element is thus not a relevant one to the proposed business plan. It is noted however that over the coming years, the door may become open for foreign franchises to establish themselves, and so this may have some impact on competition in the industry into the future (IBIS 2010). name and student number Page 5 2. 2 Task Environment Comment [T16]: This sub- section (Task Environment) is the second major part of the Findings section. Notice how the report uses a LINKING sentence here to indicate that the report is moving on to a new section. Along with analysis of the Mega Environment, the study also focused on the Task Environment as it relates to the proposed business. The Task Environment is made up of specific external elements that an organisation faces in their immediate environment, In this case, the task environment refers to the metropolitan area of Melbourne area, and more specifically the area of Prahran and its environs, which is where the proposed business would be located. Unlike the Mega Environment, the organisation can have influence over the task elements in this environment through extensive research and planning. Elements of Task Environment include customers and clients, labour supply, suppliers, competitors and government bodies (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 76). 2. 2. 1 Customers and clients Customers and clients refer to â€Å"individuals and organisations purchasing products and services† (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 76). As noted in 2. 1. 4, the Prahran area has a generally younger residential profile, and so this group needs to be the focus of the products and services that might be offered. It is also noted that the area is quite ethnically diverse, with 27. 9% of its resident being born overseas. This suggests the need for flexibility in the types of hair and beauty services available. An important characteristic of the hair and beauty industry is the importance of a loyal customer base (IBIS, 2011). Typically customers will rely on the one salon if they are satisfied with the service they receive. It is thus important for a salon to build up a base of satisfied clients, to ensure repeat visits and attract new customers through good word-of-mouth, and effective marketing. Another feature of the potential customer base is the relative affluence of the Prahran area. This has implications for pricing strategies. IBIS (2011, p. 13) notes that the hairdressing industry operates in an environment of â€Å"significant price competition†, though suggests that this is often based on a misconception â€Å"that price is the deciding factor for clients†. These facts suggest that the focus of any expanded business should be on the provision of high quality, as opposed to low cost services. 2. 2. 2 Competitors Competitors refers to â€Å"other organisations offering (or with a high potential to offer) rival products/services† (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 76) The Prahran area is generally well-served by hairdressing outlets. An online search under Hairdressers in Prahran identified 28 different salons (Yellow Pages 2011) with most of these offering medium to high-end services. Table 3 provides a list of the salons with highest turnover in the area. name and student number Page 6 Table 3: Salons with highest turnover in Prahran area Salon 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Mark Anthony Ruben’s La Bella Vita Kaz Deep Blue Sea Rap Unzels Snipz Live And Let Dye Hair Today Gone tomorrow 10. Shear Bliss Average haircut prices Mens Ladies 95 95 85 77 75 70 65 67 48 40 55 55 70 58 75 45 50 45 40 40 High End, Middle, Low End H H H M M M M L L L It is noted that there is wide differential pricing between female and male hairdressing. In some cases there is close to parity in pricing for both sexes; in other cases, female haircuts are close to twice the price of males. With the recommended focus on product and service offerings for males, it is suggested that pricing for these services be strongly competitive. 2. 2. 3 Labour Supply Labour supply refers to individuals potentially employable by an organisation (diversity and characteristics of the labour market) (Bartol et al. 011, p. 76) Hairdressing is recognised as one of the ‘skill shortage professions’ by the federal government and is listed on the Migration Occupations in Demand List (MODL) (Service Skills Australia 2011). This means that the labour supply in the future will increasingly include staff from non-English speaking backgrounds. To take advantage of these opportunities, any prospective new outlet would need to achieve a good match between the cultural background of prospective staff and the ethnic profile of the area. The growing Asian (Chinese) composition of the Prahran area was previously noted (Section 2. 1. 4). Retention of talent is recognised as a significant issue for the hairdressing and beauty industries, with high turnover of staff often a problem for businesses (Service Skills Australia 2011). Increasingly it is seen as critical to fully engage employees in the industry both by developing the skill of employees, and providing clear career pathways (Service Skills Australia 2011). Support for staff to undertake Certificate IV and Diploma training is seen as an appropriate way of initiating this process. Comment [T17]: This is an example of CROSS-REFERENCING – and can be a useful way to LINK material in different sections of the report name and student number Page 7 2. 2. 4 Suppliers Suppliers refers to â€Å"organisations and individuals supplying resources and organisation needs to conduct its operations† (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 76). The main material resources needed for the proposed business are the variety of haircare products used in the salon. These will not represent a major cost to the business. It is suggested these are sourced at the most competitive rate via the internet. As stated in 2. 1. 3, a major organisational need is the use of up-to-date IT facilities that will enable the delivery of high levels of customer service (booking system etc. ). It is suggested that careful selection is made of an appropriate supplier of these services. 2. 2. 5 Government Agencies Government agencies refer to â€Å"agencies providing services and monitoring compliance with laws and regulations at local state or regional and national levels† (Bartol et al. 2011, p. 76). The main relevant agency of the proposed business will be City of Stonnington located at Prahran Town Hall. The main area of compliance is minimum hygiene standards required under the Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 and related guidelines (Stonington Council: Personal Care 2011). 3. Conclusions and Recommendations The main question considered in this study was whether the establishing of a hairdressing salon in the Prahran area is a viable option for the client. Based on the preceding analysis, both of the mega and task environments, the conclusion drawn is that such an expansion of the business is likely to be a sound investment. The study also considered a range of marketing and management issues that would need to be considered to ensure the success of the business. Accordingly, the following recommendations are made: the target customer base should be younger clients (20-30 age segment), with some emphasis on products and services for young males. the focus should be on high quality as opposed to low costs services and products. products and services should take account of the multicultural composition of the area, especially the growing number of residents from Asian backgrounds. Comment [T18]: In presenting the CONCLUSIONS, it is always a good idea to remind the reader what the PURPOSE of the study was. Your main CONCLUSION will be your response to this purpose. Comment [T19]: RECOMMENDATIONS are often set out as dot points. You will notice that all of the RECOMMENDATIONS here are framed around the word ‘should’. HINT: All RECOMMENDATIONS you make in a report must relate to your discussion in the early parts of the report. In other words, each RECOMMENDATION needs to flow on logically from the analysis you have made of that particular idea in the report. ame and student number Page 8 investment in technology should be primarily focused on ancillary technologies that support customer queries and bookings. in line with the area’s younger and affluent demographic, marketing strategies should be mainly organised around the use of social media. selection of staff should seek to reflect the demographics of the area, including recruitment of Asi an background staff to ensure the retention of staff, an emphasis should be placed on developing the skills of staff, and providing clear career pathway. name and student number.

Medical Marijauna Essays - Entheogens, Antiemetics, Herbalism

Medical Marijauna Medical Marijuana The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is an extremely controversial subject. There are many supporters, as well as many that are in opposition to the use of marijuana in any situation. Parties on both sides of the issue are regularly bringing forth new information to endorse their case. Marijuana, made from an Indian hemp plant that bears the name cannabis sativa, is a mixture of stems, leaves, and flowering tops. The flowering tops are smoked for the tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, that is concentrated there. THC is the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. The use of marijuana as folk medicine began in Central Asia as far back as 3000 B.C. Its use as a pleasure-inducing drug began in the 1900s, becoming widespread in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 60s and 70s, marijuana became the second most popular drug, alcohol being the first. This trend continues today (Berger). The intoxication, or high acquired due to the smoking of marijuana, has two phases. These ph ases are initial stimulation followed by pleasant tranquillity. The initial stimulation includes giddiness and euphoria, then sedation and tranquillity (Berger). Another of the results of smoking marijuana is an increase in appetite known commonly as the munchies. Because loss of appetite and nausea are common side effects of illnesses for which marijuana is a possible medicine, the munchies is one of marijuanas most valuable medicinal uses (Thompson 149). There are many mistaken objections pertaining to the use of marijuana as a medicine. One of the most common of these myths is that marijuana is highly addictive, and that long-term users experience physical withdrawals when marijuana use is stopped. In actuality, most marijuana smokers smoke the drug only on occasion (Science 3). Marijuana has not been proven physically addicting and no physical withdrawal symptoms occur when use is discontinued (Berger). Another myth commonly used to discourage the use of marijuana as a medicine is that marijuana has been scientifically proven to be harmful. In 1972,after reviewing scientific evidence, the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse concluded that while marijuana is not totally safe, its dangers had been grossly overstated (Morgan 1). In 1995, based on thirty years of scientific research, editors of the British medical journal Lancet concluded that the smoking of cannabis, even long term, is not harmful to health (Science 1). Many anti-medical marijuana supporters have said that there is not medicinal value in marijuana. They claim that safer, more effective drugs, such as Marinol, are available. Marinol is a synthetic version of THC. In reality, smoked marijuana has been shown to reduce nausea induced by chemotherapy, increase appetites in AIDS patients, and reduce intraocular pressure in people with glaucoma. Marinol is a synthetic THC capsule and is available by prescription but is not as effective as smoked marijuana for many patients. Furthermore, pure THC may produce more unpleasant psychoactive side effects than smoked marijuana (Morgan 2). Marinol is more expensive than regular marijuana and seems to cause higher levels of anxiety and depression. Also, because one of the main problems combated in chemotherapy is nausea and vomiting, a pill is probably not the best idea for treatment (Thompson 149). There is a theory that marijuana is a gateway drug. Anti-marijuana supporters believe that even if marijuana itself causes minimal harm, it is a dangerous substance because it leads to the use of harder drugs such as heroin, LSD, and cocaine. Supporters dismiss this theory as a casual explanation for the statistical association between common and uncommon drugs, which changes as drugs change in prevalence (Morgan 4). Supporters explain that because marijuana is the most popular illegal drug in the US today, people who have used less popular drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or LSD, have probably used marijuana. Also, for the large majority of people, marijuana is a terminus rather than a gateway drug because a person does not crave a better high when he or she uses it (Morgan 4). One of the most common objections to legalizing marijuana for medical use is that it will set a bad example for children targeted by drug pushers. However, because marijuana would only be prescribed for seriously ill patients, the idea of smoking

The Y2K Glitch and End of the Century Changes

The Y2K Glitch and End of the Century Changes While many were ready to party like it was 1999, many others predicted catastrophe at the end of the year from a small assumption made long ago when computers were first being programmed. The Y2K (Year 2000) problem came to exist culturally because of a fear that computers would fail when their clocks were meant to update to January 1, 2000. Because computers were programmed to automatically assume the date began with 19 as in 1977 and 1988, people feared that when the date turned from December 31, 1999, to January 1, 2000, computers would be so confused that they would shut down completely. The Age of Technology and Fear Considering how much of our everyday lives were run by computers by the end of 1999, the new year was expected to bring serious computer repercussions. Some doomsayers warned that the Y2K bug was going to end civilization as we know it. Other people worried more specifically about banks,  traffic lights, the power grid, and airports - all of which were run by computers by 1999. Even microwaves and televisions were predicted to be affected by the Y2K bug. As computer programmers madly dashed to update computers with new information, many in the public prepared themselves by storing extra cash and food supplies. Preparations for the Bug By 1997, a few years ahead of widespread panic over the Millennium problem, computer scientists were already working toward the solution. The British Standards Institute (BSI) developed a new computer standard to define conformity requirements for the Year 2000. Known as  DISC PD2000-1, the standard outlined four rules: Rule 1: No value for current date will cause any interruption in operation. Rule 2: Date-based functionality must behave consistently for dates prior to, during and after year 2000. Rule 3: In all interfaces and data storage, the century in any date must be specified either explicitly or by unambiguous algorithms or inferencing rules.   Rule 4: Year 200 must be recognized as a leap year.   Essentially, the standard understood the bug to rely on two key issues: the existing two-digit representation of dates was problematic in date processing and a misunderstanding of calculations for leap years in the Gregorian Calendar had caused the year 2000 to not be programmed as a leap year. The first problem was solved by creating new programming for dates to be entered as four-digit numbers (ex: 2000, 2001, 2002, etc.), where they were previously represented only as two (97, 98, 99, etc.). The second by amending the algorithm for calculating leap years to any year value divided by 100 is not a leap year, with the addition of excluding years which are divisible by 400, thereby making the year 2000 a leap year (as it was).   What Happened  on January 1, 2000? When the prophesied date came and computer clocks around the world updated to January 1, 2000, very little actually happened. With so much preparation and updated programming done before the change of date, the catastrophe was quelled and only a few, relatively minor millennium bug problems occurred - and even fewer were reported.

The Benefits of Domestic Survelliance

The Benefits of Domestic Survelliance November Case 2013 AFFEmma Gorsuch and Hunter KeeleyPublic Forum Debate Alexander Dawson SchoolResolved: The benefits of domestic surveillance by the NSA outweigh the harms. My partner and I stand in firm affirmation of this resolution.Contention 1: Domestic Surveillance Increases National Security.Domestic surveillance is an essential factor in maintaining national security and preventing terrorist attacks. Over 50 terrorist attacks have been avoided due to the actions of the National Security Agency. For example, in 2009, the NSA prevented an attack on the New York subway system where US citizen Najibullah Zazi was planning to detonate an explosive. Email communications with a known member of al- Qaeda were intercepted through the domestic security system and were turned over to the FBI which resulted in Najibullah's arrest and later confession. In addition, the NSA helps tracks down individuals guilty of acts of terror. David Headley, a participant in the Mumbai attacks of 2008, w as tracked down by the US after the NSA provided key information obtained through domestic surveillance concerning his location.Great Seal Bug from NSA archivesThis surveillance allows the government to catch guilty and potentially dangerous personal. Protecting America from the threat of terrorists is the number one priority of National Security, and domestic surveillance is an integral method of intelligence gathering used to uncover these clandestine operations.Contention 2: Domestic Surveillance Protects America from the Indirect Effects of Terrorism.Domestic Surveillance does not just protect the nation from the direct harms of terrorist attacks, but also from the indirect harms to the economy and to the mental state of the people. After a terrorist attacks takes place in the US the GDP per capita falls which negatively impacts the economy, often leaving it crippled. As seen in 2001, 9/11 was a factor in the fall of the economy. Before...

Assignment for Operations Management course Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For Operations Management course - Assignment Example With batch manufacturing process, a specific process is designed for the product where it has to go through all stages on by one. Since producing caps undergoes several steps, batch method would be suitable simply because caps must finish production in one stage before the next one. Batch production is suitable when producing similar things. It reduces the time required to change machine or materials in producing things. The suitable production process for the company would be batch production (Schroeder 254). Customers are friends of restaurant simply because they must visit the place in order to have something. Mom’s kitchen restaurant offers a limited menu to customers on a daily basis. In order to retain its customers, Mom’s restaurant has to change its menu slightly. It is the work of the restaurant to ensure that customers have been satisfied. In producing all foods in the right manner and time, job production process is one suitable for the restaurant. Job or single product process is suitable when producing items that have a different style of production. Production of different things run parallel and production of one does not interfere with the production of the other. A team of small people with different skills work towards realizing goals of the company. The reason why job production process suits companies such as the restaurant is because they enable production match the customer’s needs. Customers feel satisfied something that allows him or her return for more services next time. I would ensure that all items of the day are produced parallel in order to ensure they are ready by the time. Customers in a restaurant have different tastes and specifications that may prevent the company from early production. Job production process helps customers give their specifications and in return get their desired services (Schroeder 354). Commonly, Six Sigma theory have

International Business Plan for Medican (Canada) Essay

International Business Plan for Medican (Canada) - Essay Example Marketing plan includes the main aspect of market penetration such as: location, target audience, HR, product modification, advertising and promotion activities. The research suggests that the real value of strategic planning may be more in the future orientation of the planning process itself than in any resulting written strategic plan. The research also includes analysis of the financial data and recommendations for further market penetration of MediCan. Corporate Profile and Nature of the Business MediCan (fictitious company) is a manufacture and distributor of high-tech medical equipment. Medical equipment industry is one of the profitable industries today and, as predicted, in future. An industry with this kind of rapid change presents several challenges for medical equipment and, namely production costs, property owners, and monopolies. Customers and technology are the primary driving factors of this industry. Company profile The company was founded in 1913 in Calgary as a private owned business. In 1990, the company owners identified the need for simple, inexpensive and portable blood test equipment which could be marketed to the medical profession. A device was developed cheaply. Sales did not come easily at first, but the breakthrough came in March 1993 when the first electronic blood test was delivered to a hospital. With orders flowing in, the present company, MediCan concentrates on manufacturing and marketing the new electronic medical devices. More routine production had been relocated to a new factory near Calgary in response to local planning restrictions, and for many years it benefited from low wage rates and tax concessions. No tax was payable for the first five... From the report it is clear that MediCan is originated manufacture of the equipment and has all the rights of ownership. MediCan decides to penetrate into Asia market, and China was selected as the most promising country. The product for promotion is inexpensive and portable glucose test device for people with diabetics. This product combines the properties of high effective glucose test device with low cost production proposed by MediCan. As the essay states MediCan (fictitious company) is a manufacture and distributor of high-tech medical equipment. Medical equipment industry is one of the profitable industries today and, as predicted, in future. An industry with this kind of rapid change presents several challenges for medical equipment and, namely production costs, property owners, and monopolies. Customers and technology are the primary driving factors of this industry. The company sells high-tech medical equipment for hospitals and individual patients. The basic equipment is intended for laboratories, anesthesiology and dental equipment, monitors etc. During the late 1990s the company had expanded con ¬siderably and its blood test equipment is being used in 50 countries around the world in hospitals, general practices, company health-care services and specialist test ¬ing laboratories. It has five factories located around the country. A program to develop new technology was undertaken at 1990s. MediCan had ow n research department. In some years a new part-electronic blood test was developed.

Paul Gustave Dore Essay Example for Free

Paul Gustave Dore Essay While accompanying his father and older brother in Paris, Gustave discovered the allure of Paris and made known his intention to remain and pursue his career as an artist (Hubbard 5-8). His work is generally considered as Romanticism and he has been labeled one of the greatest illustrators of his time. His lack of formal training created both derision among art critics and a cult following among common people who could relate to his work. He possessed a grasp of what would be popular among the common folks of his time and a flair for the dramatics in his works. It could be said that the Parisian Art world did not side with him because he did not struggle or starve as most artist did and his financial success was a threat to the very core of Art (McWilliam 829-830). His was a time of great discovery, both scientific and artistic, and an industrial revolution the likes of which gave wealth to the very few. When he abandoned caricature work, he did try to redeem himself but, could not break the yoke of commercial production and its promise of wealth (Hubbard 5-8). His inability to sway his critics and peers in his birthplace and formative city (Paris) forced him to ply his wares in England and across the Atlantic to the United States. Gustave Dore became the darling of England and America, and managed to make millions during his half century of life and produced a staggering amount of sketches. At one point of his career as an illustrator, he employed forty blockcutters (WebMuseum 1). Gustave Dore dabbled in both painting and sculpture during his later years and was purported to be a violinist and tenor singer (Hubbard 5-8). The work of Gustave Dore is both loved and spurned during his lifetime but, he certainly maintained a life of wealth his father could not have made and he owed it all to his prodigious pencil. The following works by Gustave Dore, we will examine his favored subjects and themes that showed the suffering of poor people and presented these in surrounding treatment that emphasized those suffering. . Extracted from a book by Blanchard Jerrold and illustrated by Gustave Dore. The book was commissioned as a type of guide through the many streets and venues of London, in essence a Tourist Book (Spartacus. choolnet. co. uk). Instead it became a rendition of the lower class and their plight. A story in the Port Cities: Leisure, health and housing Social conditions in the 19th-century Website cites the following: An artists impression of poverty For those whose imaginations could not be stirred by social commentators like Booth and Mearns, the French artist Gustave Dore (1832-1883) visited Lon don and produced horrific illustrations of life in the port areas that shocked public opinion. Although a commercial success, many of the critics disliked his work. The critics reaction Several critics were angry that Dore had appeared to focus on the poverty that existed on the waterfront, rather than on the finer aspects of life in the metropolis. He was accused by the Art Journal of inventing rather than copying. Completely missing the point, The Westminster Review complained that Dore gives us sketches in which the commonest, the vulgarest external features are set down. (PortCities London. org) Analysis of Formal Elements – One of the most fundamental elements of art is line. [Sayre 82] 1Variety and Quality of Lines Homeless people of London deadened on a bench, third quarter 19th century Figure 1 – Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore’s pencil drawing shows a clear outline of each figure with the use of a heavier line and the details using lighter lines. The implied and contour lines in the garments indicate worn use and filth. The vertical and horizontal rendering on the bench enables the viewer to perceive a seating area made of stone thereby heightening the plight of the homeless and impoverished that is depicted here. The development of each subject is made through the use of foreshortening and perspective. The foreshortening implies a reclining figure surrounded by seated figures. The perception of three dimensions is brought about through the use of reserve, or white background of the paper, on the standing baby and the face of the sleeping girl with a hat. The darker rendering of the other subjects suggest repose while the highlighted baby is awake. The cross hatching and hatching of the garments in uneven manner depicts clothing that is disheveled, worn, and filthy. Couple and Two Children Sleeping on a London Bridge Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Dore in Figure 2 now uses a more expressive line in the treatment of the subjects and dark heavy graduated in weight to specify large folds in the clothing and the edge lip of the bench, shown as details in Figure 3 and 4. A sepia wash is used to introduce as a possible element of a darkening sky dotted with white spots indicating stars. To the upper left of the figures is a depiction of crosses faintly visible implying the mast of tall ships thereby implying a port in the distance? The stone bench is still presented by straight vertical and horizontal lines but as opposed to Figure 1, it now shows details such as cracks that normally propagate in stone material. All the figures are dark and disheveled in appearance. Their clothing is depicted in an unkempt appearance and the scene shows a sense of separation from the upper class society because of the way they are lying on the bench, even though they are presented in a manner of dress inure to the upper class. My first impression was a family waiting for transportation to where I do not know after a night out on the town. Normally figures, during that century, waiting for transportation are sitting upright. Dore does not address in his drawing here the same condition as Figure 1. When I first saw this work, I chose not to look at the title and make some preconceived notion as to what was being depicted. When I noticed the implied ship mast in the background, which setup the next perception as a port, it inherently supported my theory of awaiting transportation. Alas, it was not correct and this may shed some light into Dore’s eventual illustration in Figure 5 of the same scene depicting a more impoverished set of subjects on a bench awaiting the light of day. Included as a reference to the depiction of poor vs. wealthy is Figure 6, one of just a few of the drawings the publisher thought would be prevalent in the book. Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Figure 2 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# London: A Pilgrimage, Asleep Under the Stars Figure 1 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, A Ball at the Mansion House Figure 2 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 2Spatial Strategy A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 3 Use of a frontal recession, street level linear perspective is tantamount to depicting the main figures in this almost monochromatic painting. Dore’s lines are generalized and are meant to capture immediately the scene in its moment. The central figures show a more upright and important stance than the outlying supporting subjects. Their turned bodies show an intense attention to the entrance of these key figures. The key figures wardrobe is straight and the outlying figures show crumpled clothing which may imply poverty. It is not until the illustration in Figure 7 that the sense of desperation among the non-central figures is clearly delineated. It is also in this illustration that the claustrophic effect that Dore is famous for is in full effect. The painting shows a more elevated perspective than the illustration. I have started to question Dore’s intent in the production of these illustrations. Even though his name is clearly on the lower left corner on most prints, the blockcutters name is on the lower right. This clearly implies an employer to employee relationship and does not necessarily imply apprenticeship. The distinct change from study or conceptual drawing to print supports this remark. London: A Pilgrimage, A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 3Light and Color The Charity of the fishmongers: study in a district of London, 4th quarter 19th century Figure 1– Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore produced this work five years after the release of the illustrated book London: A Pilgrimage. His rendering of color does not lend itself well to translating key formal elements. Why he chose to color the gathering of men in red is in contradiction to the clear shaft of white light shining on the fishmonger and children. The gathering of men looks to be outside due to the street pole with what may be gaslights. It is reported that Dore was color blind and was not adept at color shading (Malan 1). If it were not for the title I may have mistook this as a gathering of children at a fish market with their caretaker. Under closer scrutiny it shows the children as lacking shoes and wearing torn soiled clothing. 4Texture and Pattern London: A Pilgrimage, Houndsditch Figure 2 – http://www. f. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, Found in the Street Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Here again his lack of training shows through on the use of light, shading and shadows. His surrounding treatment is far below his work illustrating Dante’s Inferno or the Bible. Looking at Figure 10 gives th e impression that the candle is giving off more light than it is truly capable of producing. There is also an imbalance to the scene because of the light. Artistic license aside, I prefer George de la Tours rendering in Joseph the Carpenter [Sayre 175]. The Figures clearly show the impoverished condition that has befallen the subjects in the picture and shows, as if in a photograph, the dire predicament that requires immediate intervention 5Comparisons The well meaning Dore did have influences during his formative years and it came about through his beginnings as a caricature artist. Artist like Grandville was admired enough by Dore that he went to him for advice on matters concerning his art. Dore studied closely the work of the first comic strip artist Rodolphe Toepher and this may have created a caricature memory strategy that was difficult to overcome (Duncum 97, 98). Lion Devouring a Rabbit Figure 1 – Eugene DelaCroix DelaCroix’s lion bears a more realistic representation of the animal than the one Gustave Dore’s illustrated on the cover drawing (Figure 15) for the book London: A Pilgrimage. Dore’s lion seems to melt into the surrounding environment and the foreshortening of the front paw and rear paw are not in keeping with the rules of perspective. Hercules at the Crossroads Figure 2 – Albrecht Durer (Germany) circa 1498 London: A Pilgrimage, Gustave Dore Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Albrecht Durer’s treatment of the muscular human male may seem to fall within the same realm as Dore’s human male in his cover drawing but, it shows Dore’s lack of formal training in the way the back muscles are rendered. Durer studied human anatomy extensively including bone structure, which I believe Dore did not fully grasp. London: A Pilgrimage, Newgate Exercise Yard Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html There have been questions in the art world as to the influence of Dore on other artist; one in particular is Van Gogh who referred to him as the Artist of the People (Study Light Org). † Van Gogh had produced a picture called â€Å"Prison Yard† and it was presented without reference to being after a major artist and this was not acceptable. The critic clearly states the resemblance of the picture to Dore’s above in Figure 17 and describes it as â€Å"a tolerably literal rendering of an illustration by Gustave Dore. † He does continue to deride Dore with the continuing remark â€Å"It seems as if Van Gogh had discerned, as others have, an occasional article of value in the rubbish-heap of Dore’s production (R. S. 250). This is but one example of Dore’s place in the Art Critics of his time. His development of the illustrations for the book London: A Pilgrimage brought about the issues of the paupers and homeless (Smith 997-1032). Smith projects the impression of France’s workhouses as being equal to the dreadful pictures of London in Gustave Dore’s book. In conclusion Gustave Dore succeeded in presenting to the populace at hand on the issues of poverty through study sketches that were transformed into illustrations. His rendered illustrations clearly showed the large divide between the wealthy and the poor. His handsomely paid commission did not affect what he saw as blight in society. His participation in this particular commissioned work allowed him to perform a service that could not be ignored, and his focus on the plight of the paupers created a controversy that most artists during his time could afford (Grew 204). The many sketches he made for this project is not readily encompassed by this study and many scholars are still building a repertoire of research into a man who turned a commercially paid venture into a social statement, which will provide students and teachers with questions still unanswered.

Grammar Basics :: essays papers

Grammar Basics 1) Subject - The subject is the noun or the pronoun that performs the action of the verb in a sentence. In literary usage, the subject is the the idea about which something is being said. Predicate- The predicate of a sentence is the verb 2) Sentence - A sentence is a grammatical unit that is syntactically independent and has a subject that is expressed or, as in imperative sentences, understood and a predicate that contains at least one finite verb. ex. Joey ran to catch the elevator. 3) Phrase - A phrase is two or more words in sequence that form a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. A collection of grammatically-related words without a subject or without a predicate is considered a phrase. 4) Introductory Phrase - a phrased used in the beginning of a sentence of paragraph ex. "Friends, Romans, countrymen....lend me your ears!" 5) Conjunction - A conjunction is the part of speech that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences...such as and, but, and because. 6) Clause - A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject (though sometimes is the subject is implied). ex. I like to eat bagels Introductory Clause - An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. ex. Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. Dependant Clause - A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. ex. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . 7) Antecedent - The word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to. ex. The teacher asked the children where they were going. Relative Pronoun - A pronoun that introduces a relative clause and has reference to an antecedent ex. The child who is wearing the hat. 8) Introductory Conjunction - 9) I went to the movies with Joey, Andrew, Amy, and Michelle Julie, Sara, and I went to the grocery store last night.

I’m Not Scared Essay Essay

Fear is one of the most incapacitating and destructive emotions I’m Not Scared demonstrates. As well as the human potential to do evil things in life for self-gain. Ammaniti shows us this through characters in the text that commit cruel and violent acts. He also shows us that not all men can be cruel and selfish, through the character of Michele, who shows bravery, compassion and goodness. From the very beginning of the novel we are alerted to the fact that humans can be very cruel, yet equally as gallant and kind. In the start we are introduced to a cruel rumour from Skull, about a fierce old man known as Melichetti, who feed his own dog to his savage pigs. When he is confronted about this from Barbara, he laughs at the idea and replies saying that he loved his dog and would never do such a thing, and is astonished as to why someone would make up such lies about him. Barbara says that Skull had told them this and Melichetti scolds him saying that he should never tell lies, an d the truth only. Thus showing that there is good in some humans. Although not all of them. After these events Skull hatches a plan to get back at Barbara for embarrassing him. He proposes that they have a race to the top of a hill, knowing that Barbara will lose and have to do the forfeit so he can extract his revenge, being the harsh human that he is. Human’s immense capacity for cruelty is highlighted by the appalling conditions that Filippo is kept in. He chained in a dark prison hole and is barely fed enough to stay alive. He is treated like a prisoner of war. His skin is pale and dirty, and so thin that you could see the outline of his bones. Yet Ammaniti tempers these descriptions with humour in order to soften the blow and Michele relieves his suffering. Michele’s determination to help Fillipo in his plight and his success in revealing his pain that becomes the focus of the tale. He performs acts of kindness towards Fillipo, bringing him food and water, and letting him out of the hole to embrace the outside world. There is no doubt that humans are capable of extreme violence as demonstrates by the response to Luisa Carducci’s appeal and through characters such as Sergio, Skull and Felice, yet we also get the sense that they are not so much evil, but human through Ammaniti’s portrayal of them. Some of these acts of violence or portrayed through the actions of Skull and his potential for cruelty to others and animals. An example of this is when he says â€Å"wring its neck, then put a stick up its arse†, also when the entire town of Acqua Traverse is silent watching  Michele, except for Togo who is barking. Skull then proceeds to boot Togo away. Yet although Skull is ruthless and cruel, the kids have the power to overcome him. For instance when Skull makes Barbara do the forfeit, the kids do not like this idea and Michele stands up and takes the forfeit. They are also strongly motivated by self-gain and are also capable of horrible betrayal in order to gain something for t hemselves. The people of Acqua Traverse are easily motivated by money. They had kidnapped a child just for personal gain. They were prepared to betray their own beliefs and morals. For example when Luisa Carducci had sent an appeal to the kidnappers, she pleaded that they do not hurt her son and asked them what it would feel like if any of them had their own child taken away from them. Papa, who cared for his children a lot and loved them, betrayed his own beliefs that night, responding that they should cut off both of Filippo’s ears. Yet they are also capable of fierce love, extreme loyalty and forgiveness. An instance of this is Teresa’s protectiveness over Michele after Felice’s attack on him. Upon finding out that Felice had hurt her son, she launched herself at him in a raging fit of fury to protect her son. After seeing Felice on his mother Michele, also protective of his mother, jumps at Felice. Loyalty is also portrayed in the story through some characters. One of which is Michele, who made a promise to Filippo that he would always come back and save him. And he did under any circumstances, no matter how bad the consequences may have been. Also, it is Papa, who at first was with the idea of keeping Filippo hostage, yet later he proposed the idea to let the boy go. Ammaniti creates a world that emphasises people’s capacity for evil and self-gain and uses his power to tell us how he became a man that learns loyalty and trust are far more valuable than money or objects through events and experiences he comes into contact with. His knowledge and understanding form the base of his moral decisions and guide him to help the innocent boy, Filippo, escape from the villainous adults of Acqua Traverse.

African American and Black People Essay

1 . What issues most concerned black political leaders during Reconstruction? Reconstruction brought important social changes to former slaves. Families that had been separated before and during the Civil War were reunited, and slave marriages were formalized through legally recognized ceremonies. Families also took advantage of the schools established by the Freedmen’s Bureau and the expansion of public education, albeit segregated, under the Reconstruction legislatures. New opportunities for higher education also became available with the founding soon after the Civil War of black colleges, such as Howard University in Washington, D. C. , and Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. The number of African-American churches grew significantly and became social and political centers as well as houses of worship. Black ministers assumed a leadership role in the community and were among the first elected officials. The most fundamental concern of blacks through all of the changes, though, was economic survival. 2. What did black political leaders accomplish and fail to accomplish during Reconstruction? What contributed to their successes and failures? During the decade known as Radical Reconstruction (1867-77), Congress granted African American men the status and rights of citizenship, including the right to vote, as guaranteed by the 14th and 15th Amendments to the U. S. Constitution. During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African Americans held public office, from the local level all the way up to the U. S. Senate, though they never achieved representation in government proportionate to their numbers. 3. Were black political leaders unqualified to hold office so soon after the end of slavery? They were unqualified to hold office soon after the slavery because some of the amendments disqualified blacks. Yes because the amendments prevented blacks to be in the office. 4. To what extent did African Americans dominate southern politics during Reconstruction? Should we refer to this era as â€Å"Black Reconstruction† African Americans dominated the southern politics during Reconstruction because of the debate play a big part in the situation. 5. Why did the Republican Party fail to maintain control of southern state governments during Reconstruction? Because other party had more voters and stronger debates. 6. What was â€Å"redemption†? What happened when redemption occurred? What factors contributed to redemption? The return of an investor’s principal in a fixed income security, such as a preferred stock or bond; or the sale of units in a mutual fund. A redemption occurs, in a fixed income security at par or at a premium price, upon maturity or cancellation by the issuer. Redemptions occur with mutual funds, at the choice of the investor, however limitations by the issuer may exist, such as minimum holding periods. 7. How and why did Reconstruction end? reconstruction ended because of the compromise of 1877. It was an unwritten agreement that stated Hayes would win the presidency, if he were to remove troops from southern states (political).. Reconstruction also failed because many people in the south did not want to accept a life different from what they were used to (social). 8. How effective was Reconstruction in assisting black people to move from slavery to freedom? It was very effective because black people did get a chance to become free. 1 . How were black people prevented from voting despite the Fifteenth Amendment? Many white Americans were upset about the fifteenth amendment so they put fear in the black community by attacking them at the polls and throughout different cities. 2. How did white Americans justify segregation? They had better options than blacks. For example Blacks had to seat in the of the classroom and buses. 3. Why did the South experience an epidemic of violence? and lynching in the late nineteenth century? Because people wanted revenge upon people in the south 4. Why didn’t more black people leave the South in this period? Because they was afraid of what people from the south might do to them. 1. How did the strategies promoted by Booker T. Washington differ from those of W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP? Which were more effective? W. E. B Du Bois wanted people to work for the things they wanted. Booker T Washington wanted people to find a trade and work for the stuff they want. W. E. B Du Bois was more effective because the black community wanted to be educated was the can understand things . 2. Assess Washington’s contributions to the advancement of black people? Booker T Washington wanted people to find a trade and work for the stuff they want. 3. How did middle-class and prosperous black people try to contribute to progress for their race? Were their efforts effective? They efforts were effective they seen that it was possible for blacks to advance in life and they wanted to progress. 4. Why did most African Americans support U. S.participation in World War I? Was that support justified? Because they loved their country, and wanted to support their families. 6. Why did many black people leave the South in the 1920s? Why didn’t this migration begin earlier or later? Because they were not being treated fair. 2. What examples of progress could leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, A. Philip Randolph, and Marcus Garvey point to in the 1920s? 3. Why did so many African-American leaders reject Marcus Garvey? Because he wanted them to go back to Africa and got close with Ku Klux Klan. 4. How did the black nationalism of the Universal Negro Improvement Association differ from the white nationalism of the Ku Klux Klan? Because they were not violent. 5. What economic opportunities existed for African Americans who had migrated to northern cities? 6. Why did the literary and artistic movement known as the Harlem Renaissance emerge? 7. What was distinctive about black writers, artists, and musicians? Were their creative works essentially a part of American culture or separate from it? 8. Did African Americans have any reason to be optimistic by the late 1 920s? 1 . Why did African Americans abandon their long association with the Republican Party in favor of the Democratic Party? Because African Americans felt like the democratic party share the same beliefs. 2. How did black radicalism influence Roosevelt’s New Deal policies and programs? 3. How did black people respond to and survive the Great Depression? How did the experiences of black women during the Depression reflect their race, class, and gender status? 1 . How did the Great Depression affect black culture? How did the WPA democratize black culture? How did black religious culture change during this era? It rapidly increases and had black support and establish an organization. 2. How did black artists, musicians, filmmakers, and writers negotiate the dilemma of dual consciousness as articulated by Du Bois? They knew that people had to be educated to make their dreams come true. The different talents that they had needed to be shared with the world and the way they could do that is understanding how, why, when and what message will people understand them or they dreams. This provided blacks with the opportunity to shine and show their talented. 3. How did swing-era big band music lead to bebop? What problems did the bebop musicians encounter? They were introduce to beats, It was not catching a lot of people attention. It was a culture change in Chicago and Harlem. The cities started a different age of music. Jazz and hip-hop dancing help create the renaissance in the two areas. 6. Why did black athletes become prominent during the1930s and 1940s? What was their impact on American.

Spider-Man Essays

Spider-Man Essays Spider-Man Essay Spider-Man Essay The opening credits which can also be considered as the establishing shot start with Columbia Pictures. Columbia Pictures is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment. Columbia Pictures caption starts with the camera going down Columbia Lady. Columbia Lady is represented goddess like; she also looks like the statue of liberty. The background colours are all golden colours which gives a sense of comfort. It fades into black and Marvel caption starts with a huge sound of drums. Marvel Comics is a huge company in America. Marvel caption starts with a lot of cartoons clips speeded up. Some of these cartons are well-known sci-fi characters therefore the audience can start to form an opinion about what is this film going to be about. The sequence moves on and once again a new caption starts. This captions starts with a non-diegetic drum beat which becomes more intense as the caption goes along. This sound could also be the beats of the hero. A silver string is used to make up a spider web. This confirms the suggested genre (sci-fi). The caption moves on and the audience is introduced to the name Spider-Man. My prior knowledge tells me that Spider-Man is a well known fictional character that was created by Stan Lee. As the caption moves on the audience is introduced to more spider webs, which my prior knowledge tells me that they are a signifier of spider man. A few shots after, spider mans hand appears, his hand has two colours red and blue. Red is a signifier of blood and danger therefore spider-man is not known yet as the hero. The text moves on and more parts of his body start to appear. All of these parts have the same two colours blue and red. Two green eyes are formed; my prior knowledge tells me that they belong to the villain (Vladimir Propp, 1928) the green goblin. During this caption some famous names appear. The most famous one is possibly Kirsten Dunst. She was probably chosen for her role because she drags a particular audience. The targeted audience for this text would be young people, especially males. At the end of the caption a computer generated image of a web is used to fade into a real spider web. The establishing shot of Spider-man is of a spider web on a wall. This establishing shot also starts with an enigmatic voice over, this voice over hooks the audience. Looking at the mise en scene of the shot after the establishing shot the audience can start to form an opinion of where is this film going to be set. In this shot an American flag can be seen. Other objects that also signify America are the trains, buses and the cars.

The 4 Mitosis PhasesProphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

The 4 Mitosis PhasesProphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In order to heal an injury, your body needs to replace damaged cells with healthy new ones...and mitosis plays a crucial role in this process! Mitosis is a process of cell division that helps you stay alive and healthy. In other words, in the world of cell biology, mitosis is kind of a big deal! But like with anything science-related, mitosis can be sort of confusing when you first try to understand it. The key idea is that the process of mitosis involves four phases, or steps, that you need to understand if you want to understand how mitosis works. In this article, we’re going to do the following things to break down the four steps of mitosis for you and help you get acquainted with the mitosis phases: Briefly define mitosis and eukaryotic cells Break down the four phases of mitosis, in order Provide mitosis diagrams for the stages of mitosis Give you five resources for learning more about the phases of mitosis Now, let’s dive in! Feature image: Jpablo cadand Juliana Osorio/Wikimedia Commons (Marek Kultys/Wikimedia Commons) What Is Mitosis? Mitosis is a process that occurs during the cell cycle. The role of mitosis in the cell cycle is to replicate the genetic material in an existing cell- known as the â€Å"parent cell†- and distribute that genetic material to two new cells, known as â€Å"daughter cells.† In order to pass its genetic material to the two new daughter cells, a parent cell must undergo cell division, or mitosis. Mitosis results in two new nuclei- which contain DNA- that eventually become two identical cells during cytokinesis. Mitosis occurs in eukaryotic (animal) cells. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains the cell’s genetic material. A crucial part of mitosis involves breaking down the nuclear membrane that surrounds the cell’s DNA so that the DNA can be replicated and separated into new cells. Other types of cells, like prokaryotes, don’t have a nuclear membrane surrounding their cellular DNA, which is why mitosis only occurs in eukaryotic cells. The main purpose of mitosis is to accomplish cell regeneration, cell replacement, and growth in living organisms. Mitosis is important because it ensures that all new cells that are generated in a given organism will have the same number of chromosomes and genetic information. In order to accomplish this goal, mitosis occurs in four discrete, consistently consecutive phases: 1) prophase, 2) metaphase, 3) anaphase, and 4) telophase. Our in-depth post on mitosis is coming soon, so you can think of this as an intro to what mitosis is and how it works! What we want to focus on in more detail here are the 4 stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and what happens during those phases! So let’s get down to it. The 4 Phases of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase So what are the stages of mitosis? The four stages of mitosis are known as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Additionally, we’ll mention three other intermediary stages (interphase, prometaphase, and cytokinesis) that play a role in mitosis. During the four phases of mitosis, nuclear division occurs in order for one cell to split into two. Sounds simple enough, right? But different things occur in each step of mitosis, and each step is crucial to cell division occurring properly. That means successful cell division depends on the precision and regulation of each phase of mitosis. That’s why it’s important to be able to understand and articulate the role of each phase in mitosis overall. Also: you may have seen or heard the parts of mitosis called different things: mitosis phases, the stages of mitosis, the steps of mitosis, or maybe even something else. All of those different phrases refer to the exact same process. As long as you remember that the phases/stages/steps of mitosis always happen in the same order, it doesn’t really matter which of those phrases you use! Next, we’re going to breakdown the four phases of mitosis in order so you can understand how mitosis occurs through each phase. (Ph. Immel/Wikimedia Commons) Interphase: What Happens Before Mitosis We can think of interphase as a transitional phase. Interphase is when the parent cell prepares itself for mitosis. This phase isn’t considered part of mitosis, but understanding what happens during interphase can help the steps of mitosis make a little more sense. You can think of interphase kind of like the opening act. They aren’t the band you came to see, but they get the audience warmed up for the main event. Interphase occurs prior to the beginning of mitosis and encompasses what’s called stage G1, or first gap, stage S, or synthesis, and stage G2, or second gap. Stages G1, S, and G2 must always occur in this order. The cell cycle begins with stage G1, which is a part of interphase. So how does the parent cell prep itself for mitosis during interphase? During interphase, the cell is busy growing. It’s producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles during the G1 phase, duplicating its chromosomes during the S phase, then continuing to grow in preparation for mitosis in the G2 phase. In the cell cycle, interphase doesn’t just occur before mitosis- it also alternates with mitosis. It’s important to remember that this is a recurring cycle. When mitosis ends, interphase starts up again! In fact, in the grand scheme of the cell cycle, mitosis is a much shorter phase than interphase. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 1: Prophase Prophase is the first step of mitosis. This is when the genetic fibers within the cell’s nucleus, known as chromatin, begin to condense and become tightly compacted together. During interphase, the parent cell’s chromosomes are replicated, but they aren’t yet visible. They’re just floating around in the form of loosely collected chromatin. During prophase, that loose chromatin condenses and forms into visible, individual chromosomes. Since each of the parent cell’s chromosomes were replicated during interphase, there are two copies of each chromosome in the cell during prophase. Once the chromatin has condensed into individual chromosomes, the genetically-identical chromosomes come together to form an â€Å"X† shape, called sister chromatids. These sister chromatids carry identical DNA and are joined at the center (in the middle of the â€Å"X† shape) at a point called the centromere. The centromeres will serve as anchors that’ll be used to pull the sister chromatids apart during a later phase of mitosis. And that’s what’s happening inside the nucleus during prophase! After the sister chromatids form, two structures called centrosomes move away from each other outside of the nucleus. As they move to opposite sides of the cell, the centrosomes form something called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle will eventually be responsible for separating the identical sister chromatids into two new cells and is made up of long protein strands, called microtubules. Late Prophase: Prometaphase Prometaphase is often referred to as â€Å"late prophase.† (Though it’s also sometimes called â€Å"early metaphase† or referred to as a distinct phase entirely!) Regardless, some really important things occur during prometaphase that propel cell division along and that help explain what happens in metaphase. Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase. The short version of what happens during prometaphase is that the nuclear membrane breaks down. Here’s the long version of what happens during prometaphase: first, the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope (i.e. the lipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus and encasing the genetic material in the nucleus) breaks apart into a bunch of membrane vesicles. Once the nuclear envelope breaks apart, the sister chromatids that were stuck inside the nucleus break free. Now that the nucleus’s protective covering is gone, kinetochore microtubules move near the sister chromatids and attach to them at the centromere (that spot at the center of the â€Å"X†). Now these kinetochore microtubules are anchored at opposite poles on either end of the cell, so they’re extending themselves toward the sister chromatids and connecting them to one of the edges of the cell. It’s kind of like catching a fish with a fishing pole- eventually, the chromatids are going to be separated and drawn to opposite ends of the cell. And that’s the end of prometaphase. After prometaphase ends, metaphase- the second official phase of mitosis- begins. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 2: Metaphase Metaphase is the phase of mitosis that follows prophase and prometaphase and precedes anaphase. Metaphase begins once all the kinetochore microtubules get attached to the sister chromatids’ centromeres during prometaphase. So here’s how it happens: the force generated during prometaphase causes the microtubules to start pulling back and forth on the sister chromatids. Since the microtubules are anchored at opposite ends of the cell, their back-and-forth pulling on different sides of the sister chromatids gradually shifts the sister chromatids to the middle of the cell. This equal and opposite tension causes the sister chromatids to align along an imaginary- but very important!- line trailing down the middle of the cell. This imaginary line dividing the cell down the middle is called the metaphase plate or equatorial plane. Now, in order for metaphase to progress on to anaphase, the sister chromatids must be equitably distributed across that metaphase plate. That’s where the metaphase checkpoint comes in: the metaphase checkpoint ensures that the kinetochores are properly attached to the mitotic spindles and that the sister chromatids are evenly distributed and aligned across the metaphase plate. If they are, the cell gets the green light to move on to the next phase of mitosis. The checkpoint is very important because it helps the cell make sure that it mitosis will result in two new, identical cells with the same DNA! Only once the cell passes the metaphase checkpoint successfully can the cell proceed to the next stage of mitosis: anaphase. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 3: Anaphase The third phase of mitosis, following metaphase and preceding telophase, is anaphase. Since the sister chromatids began attaching to centrosomes on opposite ends of the cell in metaphase, they’re prepped and ready to start separating and forming genetically-identical daughter chromosomes during anaphase. During anaphase, the centromeres at the center of the sister chromatids are severed. (It sounds worse than it is!) Remember how the sister chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle? The spindle is made up of microtubules, which start shrinking during this phase of mitosis. They gradually pull the severed sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell. Anaphase ensures that each chromosome receives identical copies of the parent cell’s DNA. The sister chromatids split apart down the middle at their centromere and become individual, identical chromosomes. Once the sister chromatids split during anaphase, they’re called sister chromosomes. (They’re actually more like identical twins!) These chromosomes will function independently in new, separate cells once mitosis is complete, but they still share identical genetic information. Finally, during the second half of anaphase, the cell begins to elongate as polar microtubules push against each other. It goes from looking like one round cell to...well, more like an egg as the new chromosome sets pull further away from each other. At the end of anaphase, chromosomes reach their maximum condensation level. This helps the newly separated chromosomes stay separated and prepares the nucleus to re-form . . . which occurs in the final phase of mitosis: telophase. (Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons) Phase 4: Telophase Telophase is the last phase of mitosis. Telophase is when the newly separated daughter chromosomes get their own individual nuclear membranes and identical sets of chromosomes. Toward the end of anaphase, the microtubules began pushing against each other and causing the cell to elongate. Those polar microtubules keep elongating the cell during telophase! In the meantime, the separated daughter chromosomes that are being pulled to opposite ends of the cell finally arrive at the mitotic spindle. Once the daughter chromosomes have fully separated to opposite poles of the cell, the membrane vesicles of the parent cell’s old, broken down nuclear envelope form into a new nuclear envelope. This new nuclear envelope forms around the two sets of separated daughter chromosomes, creating two separate nuclei inside the same cell. You might think of the events of telophase as a reversal of the events that occur during prophase and prometaphase. Remember how prophase and prometaphase are all about the nucleus of the parent cell starting to break down and separate? Telophase is about the reformation of the nuclear envelope around new nuclei to separate them from each cell’s cytoplasm. Now that the two sets of daughter chromosomes are encased in a new nuclear envelope, they begin to spread out again. When this occurs, it is the end of telophase, and mitosis is complete. (LadyofHats/Wikimedia Commons) Cytokinesis: What Happens After Mitosis Like interphase, cytokinesis isn’t a part of mitosis, but it’s definitely an important part of the cell cycle that is essential to completing cell division. Sometimes, the occurrence of the events of cytokinesis overlaps with telophase and even anaphase, but cytokinesis is still considered a separate process from mitosis. Cytokinesis is the actual division of the cell membrane into two discrete cells. At the end of mitosis, there are two new nuclei contained within the existing parent cell, which has stretched out into an oblong shape. So at this point, there’s actually two complete nuclei hanging out in one cell! So how does one cell become two cells? Cytokinesis is responsible for completing the process of cell division by taking those new nuclei, separating the old cell in half, and ensuring that each of the new daughter cells contains one of the new nuclei. Here’s how the separation of the old cell is accomplished during cytokinesis: remember that imaginary line running down the middle of the cell and dividing the centrosomes, called the metaphase plate? During cytokinesis, a contractile ring made of protein filaments develops where that metaphase plate used to be. Once the contractile ring forms down the middle of the cell, it starts shrinking, which pulls the cell’s outer plasma membrane inward. You can think of it like a belt that just keeps tightening around the middle of the cell, squeezing it into two sections. Eventually, the contractile ring shrinks so much that the plasma membrane pinches off and the separated nuclei are able to form into their own cells. The end of cytokinesis signifies the end of the M-phase of the cell cycle, of which mitosis is also a part. At the end of cytokinesis, the division part of the cell cycle has officially ended. 5 (Free!) Resources for Further Study of the Steps of Mitosis Mitosis is a complex process, and the mitosis phases involve a lot of big words and unfamiliar concepts that you might want to learn more about. If you’re interested in diving more deeply into the 4 stages of mitosis, take a look at our five suggested resources for further study of the steps of mitosis, explained below! #1: Mitosis Animations Online Reading all about mitosis can definitely be helpful, but what if visuals really help you understand how things work? That’s where web animations of mitosis might come in handy for you. Watching mitosis in action through web animations can help give you an idea of what all those verbal descriptions really mean. They can also help you picture what the phases of mitosis might look like under a real microscope! There are probably a lot of web animations of mitosis that you could take a look at, but we recommend these three: John Kyrk’s Mitosis Animation The Biology Project’s â€Å"Online Onion Root Tips† Cells Alive’s â€Å"Animal Cell Mitosis† We particularly like Cells Alive’s â€Å"Animal Cell Mitosis† animation because it allows you to pause the animation as it loops through the phases of mitosis in order to take a fine-grained look at how mitosis works. Cells Alive’s version also juxtaposes its animation of the mitosis phases with footage of mitosis occurring under a microscope, so you’ll know what you’re looking for if you’re ever tasked with observing cell mitosis in the lab. iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L0k-enzoeOM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen/iframe #2: â€Å"Mitosis: Splitting Up Is Hard To Do† by Crash Course If you’re a bit exhausted from reading dense material and need someone else to put the stages of mitosis into more accessible terms, head over to YouTube and watch Crash Course’s 10 minute video on mitosis, called â€Å"Mitosis: Splitting Up Is Hard to Do.† The nice thing about this video is that, while being a bit more thorough than some of the other YouTube videos you might find out there on mitosis, it’s also really funny. More importantly, it explains mitosis in terms of familiar, everyday biological processes, like when you get a cut and need your body to make new cells to heal. If you need help thinking about the real-world relevance of the mitosis phases beyond just being something you have to memorize for a lab or exam, this is a great resource. #3: â€Å"Phases of Mitosis† by Khan Academy Here’s another YouTube video, but the tone and style of this explanation of the steps of mitosis by Khan Academy is a little different. Watching this tutorial on the mitosis phases feels a bit like you’re sitting in biology class and your teacher/professor is drawing out diagrams of mitosis while talking you through the entire process (except in this case, your teacher is sort of cool and only uses neon colors to draw the diagrams). If you’re looking for a step-by-step tutorial that takes a slow pace and deals with the steps of mitosis thoroughly, Khan Academy has you covered! #4: Creating a Mitosis Flip Book For some learners, the process of creating something to show your knowledge can help with memorization of difficult concepts and/or developing a thorough understanding of how things work. That’s why we suggest trying out some old-school tactics to build your knowledge of the 4 stages of mitosis! A tried-and-true approach to learning the mitosis phases, vetted by biology teachers, is creating a mitosis flip book. Post-It provides a step-by-step guide on how you can create a mitosis flip book on your own, but it’s really pretty simple: you get something to draw with, grab small note cards or sticky notes to draw on, and draw what each phase of the cell cycle looks like on individual note cards/sticky notes! When you’ve finished drawing your version of the stages of mitosis on your cards, you either stick, tape, or staple them together, and voila! You can flip through your mitosis flip book from beginning to end and watch the progression of mitosis through the four phases. Activities like this one can help imprint on your memory what each step of mitosis looks like. Plus, when you finish your flip book, you’ve got a pocket-sized resource that you can carry with you as a part of your study guide or a quick resource for review before a quiz or exam! #5: â€Å"Mitosis Study Set† by ProProfs Flashcards Maybe you’re feeling pretty good about your knowledge of the stages of mitosis but you want some help in testing that knowledge before a formal quiz or exam. That’s where ProProfs Flashcards’ â€Å"Mitosis Study Set,† an online study guide that provides an array of flashcards to help you test your knowledge of the stages of mitosis, comes in. What’s fun about this flashcard set is that you can choose different assessment styles depending on where you are in your knowledge of mitosis. The flashcard set provides traditional question-and-answer flashcards, a flashcard function specifically geared toward memorization, a multiple choice quiz, and matching. If you want to practice being tested on the steps of mitosis before the actual test, check out this resource! ProProfs Flashcards provides several study sets on other topics related to or involving mitosis, so if you need to test your knowledge of mitosis beyond just the four phases, this resource could help out there as well. What's Next? If you want more traditional resources to help you learn about the cell cycle, our list of the best AP Biology study guides has you covered. You’ll probably need to know about more than just mitosis to ace your AP Biology exam. Here’s an expert guide to the test to get your studying started off on the right foot! Taking science classes in high school (and doing well in them!) is an important step on your journey to get into the university of your dreams. Check out this article about which science classes you need to take before applying for college to figure out which classes are right for you.